Unit III

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA DUCACION, HUMANAS Y TECNOLOGIAS

CARRERA DE IDIOMAS

June 9th, 2014

INFINITIVES AND ING FORMS

1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

• Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence
• Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence
• I enjoy reading. object of sentence

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

• He enjoys not working.
• The best thing for your health is not smoking.

2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

• To learn is important. subject of sentence
• The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence
• He wants to learn. object of sentence

Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."

Examples:

• I decided not to go.
• The most important thing is not to give up.

3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.

Examples:

• Learning is important. normal subject
• To learn is important. abstract subject - less common
• The most important thing is learning. normal complement
• The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common

4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations, gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.

Examples:

• He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy" requires a gerund.
• He wants to swim. "Want" requires an infinitive.

5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects. List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds

Examples:

• She suggested going to a movie.
• Mary keeps talking about her problems.

6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives. List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives

Examples:

• She wants to go to a movie.
• Mary needs to talk about her problems.

June 10th, 2014

Correct form of verbs

The position of the verbs in a sentence has a major impact on their forms. 

In general, but not a rule, the verb 'spend' is followed by a verb with -ing form. 

He spent his day listening to music.

So I will try to give a brief list of verb forms.

a) verbs in the infinitive with to are used after: 

 try, promise, agree, choose, forget, learn, want etc....
 can't afford.., to be able...,etc...

b) verbs with -ing form are used after: 

 hate, dislike, avoid,enjoy, finish, spend, etc...
 do/would you mind...,  can't help...,etc..
 up,in, of, with/out, etc...

 c)both, gerund(-ing form) or to are used after certain verbs: 

 begin, start,continue,like, love, prefer, etc...

This is just a brief view about verbs, we may find more details about them elsewhere.


June 11th, 2014

INFINITIVES

The following verbs are followed by an infinitive:

agree appear be able begin* can(’t) afford choose decide

expect forget hope know how learn like* manage

need offer plan prefer* prepare pretend promise

refuse seem start* tend try want would like

*These verbs can also be followed by a gerund

Note:

• To make an infinitive negative, put not before the infinitive.

Do you promise not to tell my secret?

• In a sentence with two infinitives connected by and, the second to is usually omitted.

e.g., I expect to swim and surf in Hawaii.


Some verbs can be followed by an (pro)noun + infinitive

advise allow appoint ask beg

choose convince encourage expect forbid

force invite need permit persuade

select teach tell urge want would like

Permit + infinitive
Please allow me to help you.

Help + base form or infinitive
Sigurd helped his brothers (to) shovel the snow.

Let + base form
She let him borrow her car.

Some adjectives can be followed by an infinitive. Many of these adjectives describe a
person’s emotions or mental state.

glad happy pleased delighted content relieved lucky fortunate

sorry sad upset disappointed proud ashamed ready

prepared anxious eager willing motivated determined careful

hesitant reluctant afraid surprised amazed astonished shocked stunned

An infinitive can be the subject of a sentence, but it is very formal. In more informal situations,
it is used as the subject and the infinitive is placed at the end of the clause.

To save for college takes many years.
® It takes many years to save for college.
To have good health is very important.
® It is important to have good health.

Use infinitives with too and enough.
That hill is too steep for me to ski up.
I’m not strong enough to lift a car.


Causative verbs:
make + simple form
Sad movies make me cry.
have + simple form
I had the maid polish my shoes.
get or persuade + infinitive
Sigurd got Haakon to give him a ride to school.
have or get + object + past participle
She got her shoes repaired in University Village.

The following verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive with no
change in meaning:

attempt begin can’t stand

continue deserve hate

like love prefer

start

These verbs can be followed by either a GERUND or and INFINITIVE with
a difference in meaning.

remember

forget

regret

try

Remember, forget + infinitive
–refers forward in time – to things that one still has or still had to do at the moment of remembering or forgetting.
You must remember to pick up Mr. Brown from the airport tomorrow.
I forgot to buy the milk.

Regret + infinitive
–is used mostly in announcements of bad news
We regret to inform passengers that the 14.50 train for Tacoma will leave approximately 45 minutes late.

Try + infinitive
is used to talk about making an effort to do something difficult
I tried to change the tire, but my hands were too cold.
(Note: Sometimes we use the gerund in this case also)





June 12th, 2014

GERUNDS

A gerund can be:

• the subject of the sentence Swimming is my favorite sport.

• the object of the sentence They enjoy watching movies.
• the object of the preposition He’s concerned about passing Grammar 5.

Note: A gerund subject takes a singular verb. Eating raw oysters is disgusting. To make a gerund negative, put not before it. Not arriving on time makes me uncomfortable.
These verbs are followed by a gerund:

admit advise appreciate avoid can’t help consider

delay deny discuss dislike enjoy finish

imagine keep mind miss permit postpone

practice quit recommend regret risk suggest

Go + gerund (recreational activities)

boating bowling camping dancing

fishing hiking hunting jogging

sailing shopping sightseeing skating

skiing swimming

Verbs of perception can be followed by verb-ing or an infinitive

see notice watch

look at observe

hear listen to

feel smell

Remember, forget + gerund

refers back to the past – to things that one did. Forget...ing is used mostly in the phrase I’ll never forget...ing... and expressions with similar meanings.
I still remember buying my first bicycle.
I’ll never forget meeting the President.

Regret + gerund 

refers back to past–something that one is sorry one did
I regret leaving school at 14 – it was a big mistake.

Try + gerund
is used to talk about making an experiment-doing something to see what will happen.
I tried sending her flowers, writing her letters, and giving her presents, but she still wouldn’t speak to me.
Special expressions + verb-ing

have: fun, a good time, trouble, difficulty, etc.
She had a good time watching the ice skating competition.
spend time, waste time
He spends a lot of time playing computer games.
sit, stand, or lie + expression of place
I stood at the bus stop waiting for 45 minutes.
find or catch + (pro)noun
I found the cat sleeping in my bed.

A gerund can be the object of a preposition after a verb or adjective (see list below)
He complained about getting a bad grade.
She is upset about leaving her homework at home.

June 13th, 2014

PREPOSITIONS

Verbs + preposition

adjust to agree with apologize to...for approve of argue about believe in blame...for care about complain about concentrate on consist of deal with decide on depend on disapprove of dream about/of feel like forget about forgive...for hear about

hear of insist on listen to look at look for look forward to object to plan on prevent...from rely on speak about succeed in suspect...of take care of talk about thank...for think about wait for warn...about worry about

The dots (...) indicate than an object is needed: "She thanked the man for helping her carry her groceries."

Adjective + Preposition

accustomed to afraid of amazed at/by angry about/at ashamed of aware of bored with/by capable of concerned about different from excited about famous for fond of glad about good at grateful to...for guilty of happy about

interested in lazy about mad about mad at opposed to proud of responsible for sad about satisfied with sick of sorry about sorry for sure of surprised at tired of upset about used to worried about

 http://faculty.washington.edu/marynell/grammar/infini.html




June 16th, 2014

Verbs Followed by Object + Infinitive 

 

Example:	They	invited	me	to go	to the party.
		Verb	Object	Infinitive

  

*Indicates verbs that can be followed by an infinitive only (no object).

advise	force	remind
allow	hire	require
ask*	invite	teach
cause	need*	tell
choose*	order	urge
convince	pay*	want*
encourage	permit	warn
expect*	persuade	would like*
forbid	prepare*

 

 











June 17th, 2014

Too / Enough

---

Too and Enough

Too and enough indicate degree. They are used with adjectives.

• Too means more than what is needed.
• Enough means sufficient.

Examples

He is too old to play football with the kids.
Dave is intelligent enough to do the write thing.
You're not working fast enough
I don't have enough time.
He has too many friends.
She has got too much patience

Use of too and enough

1.Enough precedes adjectives and adverbs:

He isn't old enough to watch this program.
We're not walking quickly enough.

2.Enough may also precede nouns:

We have enough money .
I have not got enough money to buy this computer.

3.Too comes before adjectives and adverbs:

It's too hot to wear that coat.
I was driving too fast.

4. Too may also come before nouns when it is used with the expressions too much and too many.
a. Too much is used before uncountable nouns.

There is too much salt in this food.

b. Too many is used before countable nouns

There are too many students in this classroom.

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-too-enough.php#.U7ssSHb5T1U

 

June 18th, 2014

Form

too + adjective or adverb
too much/many + noun
too much/many + of + pronoun/determiner

adjective or adverb + enough
enough + noun
enough + of + pronoun/determiner

Meaning

1. We use too to mean more than sufficient or more/less than necessary.
   • It's too late to stop him.
   • Jerry was too young to watch the movie.
   • There are too many people on this train, there's nowhere to sit.
   • You have too much money, give some to me.
   • You've eaten too many of those cakes.
2. We use enough to mean sufficient.
   • Your clothes are big enough to fit me.
   • You've done enough work. You can stop now.
   • Have you got enough money to buy me a drink?
3. We use enough in negative sentences to mean less than sufficient or less than necessary.
   • You're not working fast enough, you won't finish on time.
   • Sorry, I haven't got enough food for everyone.
   • Not enough of my friends are coming to the party.

Additional points

1. We can use enough without a noun if the meaning is clear.
   • There's a lot of food but not enough for everyone.
2. We can replace enough with the before a noun.
   • I don't have the money to go on holiday.
   • His company doesn't have the resources to do the job.
3. We can use time or room alone to mean enough time or enough room.
• Is there room in your car for one more person?
• Do we have time for a coffee?

June 19th, 2014

Order of adjectives

How to order adjectives in English

In many languages, adjectives denoting attributes usually occur in a specific order. Generally, the adjective order in English is:

1. Quantity or number
2. Quality or opinion
3. Size
4. Age
5. Shape
6. Color
7. Proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material)
8. Purpose or qualifier

For example:

1. I love that really big old green antique car that always parked at the end of the street.
2. My sister adopted a beautiful big white bulldog.

When there are two or more adjectives that are from the same group, the word andis placed between the two adjectives:

1. The house is green and red.
2. The library has old and new books.

When there are three or more adjectives from the same adjective group, place a comma between each of the coordinate adjectives:

1. We live in the big green, white and red house at the end of the street.
2. My friend lost a red, black and white watch.

A comma is not placed between an adjective and the noun.

More examples:

1. I love that really old big green antique car that always parked at the end of the street. [quality - age - size - color - proper adjective]
2. My sister has a big, beautiful, tan and white, bulldog. [size - quality - color - color]
3. A wonderful old Italian clock. [opinion - age - origin]
4. A big square blue box. [dimension - shape - color]
5. A disgusting pink plastic ornament. [opinion - color - material]
6. Some slim new French trousers. [dimension - age - origin]
7. A wonderful old Italian clock. [opinion - age - origin]
8. I bought a pair of black leather shoes. [color - material]

June 20th, 2014

Adjectives - Word Order

An adjective is a word that describes something (a noun) or someone (a person).

Adjectives sometimes appear after the verb To Be

• He is short.
• She is tall.

Adjectives sometimes appear before a noun.

• Red car
• Old hat

BUT… Sometimes you want to use more than one adjective to describe something (or someone).

What happens if a hat is both old AND ugly?

Do we say… an ugly old hat OR an old ugly hat?

An ugly old hat is correct because a certain order for adjectives is expected
(Note, you may hear the other version old ugly hat, though it doesn’t sound natural)

So what is the correct order of adjectives when we put them before a noun or the thing they describe?

Here is a chart that shows the main word order for adjectives in English:

IMPORTANT: The order of adjectives before a noun IS NOT FIXED.

This chart is only offered as a guide and is the order that is preferred.

You may see or hear slight variations of the order of adjectives in real life though what appears in the chart above is order that is expected the most.

Let’s look at each type of adjective in more detail (with examples)…

June 23th, 2014

Types of Adjectives

Before the adjectives you will normally have the Determiner.

Determiner: The determiner tells us if the noun is singular or plural, definite or indefinite

• a, an, the, my, your, four, those, some etc

And then we have the adjectives that refer to…

Opinion: Explains what we think about something. This is usually our opinion, attitude or observations. These adjectives almost always come before all other adjectives.

• beautiful, boring, stupid, delicious, useful, lovely, comfortable

Size: Tells us how big or small something is.

• big, small, tall, huge, tiny

Shape / Weight / Length: Tells about the shape of something or how long or short it is. It can also refer to the weight of someone or something.

• round, square, circular, skinny, fat, heavy, straight, long, short,

Condition: Tells us the general condition or state of something

• broken, cold, hot, wet, hungry, rich, easy, difficult, dirty

Age: Tells us how old someone or something is.

• old, young, new, ancient, antique

Colour: The colour or approximate colour of something.

• green, white, blue, reddish, purple

Pattern: The pattern or design of something.

• striped, spotted, checked, flowery

Origin: Tells us where something is from.

• American, British, Italian, eastern, Australian, Chilean

Material: What is the thing made of or constructed of?

• gold, wooden, silk, paper, synthetic, cotton, woollen

Purpose/Qualifier/Use: What is it for? These adjectives often end in –ing.

• sleeping (bag), gardening (gloves), shopping (bag), wedding (dress)

If you look at the examples above, you can ask… what are the gloves used for? (gardening) What is the bag used for? (shopping)

And after these we adjectives we have the…

Noun: The person or thing that is being described

Examples of the order of adjectives before a noun

Something to have in mind is that it does not sound natural using three or more adjectives in the same sentence and it is very rare to hear four adjectives together before a noun.

• A big fat dog.
• An interesting old Indian rug.
• A striped silk shirt
• Some comfortable black sleeping bags
• Four small round wooden tables
• Those funny little old men

http://www .grammar.cl/english/adjectives-word-order.htm

June 23th, 2014

Phrasal Verbs List

Phrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb or verb + preposition. Think of them as you would any other English vocabulary. Study them as you come across them, rather than trying to memorize many at once. Use the list below as a reference guide when you find an expression that you don't recognize. The examples will help you understand the meanings. If you think of each phrasal verb as a separate verb with a specific meaning, you will be able to remember it more easily. Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning.

As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use phrasal verbs.

Verb		Meaning	Example
ask someone out		invite on a date	Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.
ask around		ask many people the same question	I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet.
add up to something		equal	Your purchases add up to $205.32.
back something up		reverse	You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out.
back someone up		support	My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job.
blow up		explode	The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence.
blow something up		add air	We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party.
break down		stop functioning (vehicle, machine)	Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.
break down		get upset	The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died.
break something down		divide into smaller parts	Our teacher broke the final project down into three separate parts.
break in		force entry to a building	Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo.
break into something		enter forcibly	The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children.
break something in		wear something a few times so that it doesn't look/feel new	I need to break these shoes in before we run next week.
break in		interrupt	The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death.
break up		end a relationship	My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America.
break up		start laughing (informal)	The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking.
break out		escape	The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren't looking.
break out in something		develop a skin condition	I broke out in a rash after our camping trip.
bring someone down		make unhappy	This sad music is bringing me down.
bring someone up		raise a child	My grandparents brought me up after my parents died.
bring something up		start talking about a subject	My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports.
bring something up		vomit	He drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet.
call around		phone many different places/people	We called around but we weren't able to find the car part we needed.
call someone back		return a phone call	I called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend.
call something off		cancel	Jason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his fiancé.
call on someone		ask for an answer or opinion	The professor called on me for question 1.
call on someone		visit someone	We called on you last night but you weren't home.
call someone up		phone	Give me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town.
calm down		relax after being angry	You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car.
not care for someone/something		not like (formal)	I don't care for his behaviour.
catch up		get to the same point as someone else	You'll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty.
check in		arrive and register at a hotel or airport	We will get the hotel keys when we check in.
check out		leave a hotel	You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.
check someone/something out		look at carefully, investigate	The company checks out all new employees.
check out someone/something		look at (informal)	Check out the crazy hair on that guy!
cheer up		become happier	She cheered up when she heard the good news.
cheer someone up		make happier	I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.
chip in		help	If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon.
clean something up		tidy, clean	Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside.
come across something		find unexpectedly	I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet.
come apart		separate	The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough.
come down with something		become sick	My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend.
come forward		volunteer for a task or to give evidence	The woman came forward with her husband's finger prints.
come from somewhere		originate in	The art of origami comes from Asia.
count on someone/something		rely on	I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out.
cross something out		draw a line through	Please cross out your old address and write your new one.
cut back on something		consume less	My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods.
cut something down		make something fall to the ground	We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm.
cut in		interrupt	Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle.
cut in		pull in too closely in front of another vehicle	The bus driver got angry when that car cut in.
cut in		start operating (of an engine or electrical device)	The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature gets to 22°C.
cut something off		remove with something sharp	The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured.
cut something off		stop providing	The phone company cut off our phone because we didn't pay the bill.
cut someone off		take out of a will	My grandparents cut my father off when he remarried.
cut something out		remove part of something (usually with scissors and paper)	I cut this ad out of the newspaper.
do someone/something over		beat up, ransack (Br.E., informal)	He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done over by a street gang.
do something over		do again (N.Amer.)	My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she doesn't like my topic.
do away with something		discard	It's time to do away with all of these old tax records.
do something up		fasten, close	Do your coat up before you go outside. It's snowing!
dress up		wear nice clothing	It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up.
drop back		move back in a position/group	Andrea dropped back to third place when she fell off her bike.
drop in/by/over		come without an appointment	I might drop in/by/over for tea sometime this week.
drop someone/something off		take someone/something somewhere and leave them/it there	I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over.
drop out		quit a class, school etc	I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult.
eat out		eat at a restaurant	I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out.
end up		eventually reach/do/decide	We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre.
fall apart		break into pieces	My new dress fell apart in the washing machine.
fall down		fall to the ground	The picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning.
fall out		separate from an interior	The money must have fallen out of my pocket.
fall out		(of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached	His hair started to fall out when he was only 35.
figure something out		understand, find the answer	I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room.
fill something in		to write information in blanks (Br.E.)	Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number.
fill something out		to write information in blanks (N.Amer.)	The form must be filled out in capital letters.
fill something up		fill to the top	I always fill the water jug up when it is empty.
find out		discover	We don't know where he lives. How can we find out?
find something out		discover	We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out.
get something across/over		communicate, make understandable	I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen.
get along/on		like each other	I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on.
get around		have mobility	My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair.
get away		go on a vacation	We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week.
get away with something		do without being noticed or punished	Jason always gets away with cheating in his maths tests.
get back		return	We got back from our vacation last week.
get something back		receive something you had before	Liz finally got her Science notes back from my room-mate.
get back at someone		retaliate, take revenge	My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat.
get back into something		become interested in something again	I finally got back into my novel and finished it.
get on something		step onto a vehicle	We're going to freeze out here if you don't let us get on the bus.
get over something		recover from an illness, loss, difficulty	I just got over the flu and now my sister has it.
get over something		overcome a problem	The company will have to close if it can't get over the new regulations.
get round to something		finally find time to do (N.Amer.: get around to something)	I don't know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards.
get together		meet (usually for social reasons)	Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend.
get up		get out of bed	I got up early today to study for my exam.
get up		stand	You should get up and give the elderly man your seat.
give someone away		reveal hidden information about someone	His wife gave him away to the police.
give someone away		take the bride to the altar	My father gave me away at my wedding.
give something away		ruin a secret	My little sister gave the surprise party away by accident.
give something away		give something to someone for free	The library was giving away old books on Friday.
give something back		return a borrowed item	I have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game.
give in		reluctantly stop fighting or arguing	My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he finally gave in.
give something out		give to many people (usually at no cost)	They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store.
give something up		quit a habit	I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.
give up		stop trying	My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up.
go after someone		follow someone	My brother tried to go after the thief in his car.
go after something		try to achieve something	I went after my dream and now I am a published writer.
go against someone		compete, oppose	We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight.
go ahead		start, proceed	Please go ahead and eat before the food gets cold.
go back		return to a place	I have to go back home and get my lunch.
go out		leave home to go on a social event	We're going out for dinner tonight.
go out with someone		date	Jesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter.
go over something		review	Please go over your answers before you submit your test.
go over		visit someone nearby	I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll go over for an hour or two.
go without something		suffer lack or deprivation	When I was young, we went without winter boots.
grow apart		stop being friends over time	My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools.
grow back		regrow	My roses grew back this summer.
grow up		become an adult	When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman.
grow out of something		get too big for	Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones.
grow into something		grow big enough to fit	This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year.
hand something down		give something used to someone else	I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin.
hand something in		submit	I have to hand in my essay by Friday.
hand something out		to distribute to a group of people	We will hand out the invitations at the door.
hand something over		give (usually unwillingly)	The police asked the man to hand over his wallet and his weapons.
hang in		stay positive (N.Amer., informal)	Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job very soon.
hang on		wait a short time (informal)	Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!
hang out		spend time relaxing (informal)	Instead of going to the party we are just going to hang out at my place.
hang up		end a phone call	He didn't say goodbye before he hung up.
hold someone/something back		prevent from doing/going	I had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park.
hold something back		hide an emotion	Jamie held back his tears at his grandfather's funeral.
hold on		wait a short time	Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department.
hold onto someone/something		hold firmly using your hands or arms	Hold onto your hat because it's very windy outside.
hold someone/somethingup		rob	A man in a black mask held the bank up this morning.
keep on doing something		continue doing	Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil.
keep something from someone		not tell	We kept our relationship from our parents for two years.
keep someone/something out		stop from entering	Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room.
keep something up		continue at the same rate	If you keep those results up you will get into a great college.
let someone down		fail to support or help, disappoint	I need you to be on time. Don't let me down this time.
let someone in		allow to enter	Can you let the cat in before you go to school?
log in (or on)		sign in (to a website, database etc)	I can't log in to Facebook because I've forgotten my password.
log out (or off)		sign out (of a website, database etc)	If you don't log off somebody could get into your account.
look after someone/something		take care of	I have to look after my sick grandmother.
look down on someone		think less of, consider inferior	Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me.
look for someone/something		try to find	I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding.
look forward to something		be excited about the future	I'm looking forward to the Christmas break.
look into something		investigate	We are going to look into the price of snowboards today.
look out		be careful, vigilant, and take notice	Look out! That car's going to hit you!
look out for someone/something		be especially vigilant for	Don't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail.
look something over		check, examine	Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes?
look something up		search and find information in a reference book or database	We can look her phone number up on the Internet.
look up to someone		have a lot of respect for	My little sister has always looked up to me.
make something up		invent, lie about something	Josie made up a story about why we were late.
make up		forgive each other	We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast.
make someone up		apply cosmetics to	My sisters made me up for my graduation party.
mix something up		confuse two or more things	I mixed up the twins' names again!
pass away		die	His uncle passed away last night after a long illness.
pass out		faint	It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out.
pass something out		give the same thing to many people	The professor passed the textbooks out before class.
pass something up		decline (usually something good)	I passed up the job because I am afraid of change.
pay someone back		return owed money	Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay you back on Friday.
pay for something		be punished for doing something bad	That bully will pay for being mean to my little brother.
pick something out		choose	I picked out three sweaters for you to try on.
point someone/something out		indicate with your finger	I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by.
put something down		put what you are holding on a surface or floor	You can put the groceries down on the kitchen counter.
put someone down		insult, make someone feel stupid	The students put the substitute teacher down because his pants were too short.
put something off		postpone	We are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane.
put something out		extinguish	The neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived.
put something together		assemble	I have to put the crib together before the baby arrives.
put up with someone/something		tolerate	I don't think I can put up with three small children in the car.
put something on		put clothing/accessories on your body	Don't forget to put on your new earrings for the party.
run into someone/something		meet unexpectedly	I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.
run over someone/something		drive a vehicle over a person or thing	I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the driveway.
run over/through something		rehearse, review	Let's run over/through these lines one more time before the show.
run away		leave unexpectedly, escape	The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days.
run out		have none left	We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap.
send something back		return (usually by mail)	My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp.
set something up		arrange, organize	Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company.
set someone up		trick, trap	The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera.
shop around		compare prices	I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots.
show off		act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully)	He always shows off on his skateboard
sleep over		stay somewhere for the night (informal)	You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home.
sort something out		organize, resolve a problem	We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month.
stick to something		continue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing	You will lose weight if you stick to the diet.
switch something off		stop the energy flow, turn off	The light's too bright. Could you switch it off.
switch something on		start the energy flow, turn on	We heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio.
take after someone		resemble a family member	I take after my mother. We are both impatient.
take something apart		purposely break into pieces	He took the car brakes apart and found the problem.
take something back		return an item	I have to take our new TV back because it doesn't work.
take off		start to fly	My plane takes off in five minutes.
take something off		remove something (usually clothing)	Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake!
take something out		remove from a place or thing	Can you take the garbage out to the street for me?
take someone out		pay for someone to go somewhere with you	My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie.
tear something up		rip into pieces	I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him.
think back		remember (often + to, sometimes + on)	When I think back on my youth, I wish I had studied harder.
think something over		consider	I'll have to think this job offer over before I make my final decision.
throw something away		dispose of	We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery.
turn something down		decrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc)	Please turn the TV down while the guests are here.
turn something down		refuse	I turned the job down because I don't want to move.
turn something off		stop the energy flow, switch off	Your mother wants you to turn the TV off and come for dinner.
turn something on		start the energy, switch on	It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights on.
turn something up		increase the volume or strength (heat, light etc)	Can you turn the music up? This is my favourite song.
turn up		appear suddenly	Our cat turned up after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood.
try something on		sample clothing	I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't think they will fit.
try something out		test	I am going to try this new brand of detergent out.
use something up		finish the supply	The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more.
wake up		stop sleeping	We have to wake up early for work on Monday.
warm someone/something up		increase the temperature	You can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace.
warm up		prepare body for exercise	I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run.
wear off		fade away	Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party.
work out		exercise	I work out at the gym three times a week.
work out		be successful	Our plan worked out fine.
work something out		make a calculation	We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house.

http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/phrasal-verbs-list.htm